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Difficulties of the highest railway
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Qinghai-Tibet railway is the highest in the world - it reaches a point above 5 km above sea level. Creating this road was a difficult and long-term project for modern China (and in the middle of the 20th century China, such a construction was simply not possible).
What is so difficult about it? Why was the construction of this railway line postponed by the communist government of the country for half a century? And how were these difficulties finally resolved?
Here is a map of the railway from Xining to Lhasa. China had plans to stretch this strategically important line back in the 1950s, but then attempts failed miserably and the work had to be postponed. The length of the line is almost 2000 km, but a substantial part (from Xining to Golmud) was launched back in 1984. But this section of the path did not present any particular difficulties, since it did not pass through the Tibetan Plateau, a mountain plateau located at a level above 4000 meters. The construction of the final stretch to Lhasa demanded all the industrial and scientific power of China in the 21st century.
Main problem construction on the Tibetan Plateau is that all of it rests on the permafrost layer, but is covered by many meters of the “active layer”. In winter, everything is frozen here ...
...a summer, the upper layer of soil thaws and turns into a swampy slime on which it is impossible to build anything.
After many attempts have decided to find a way to get rid of the active layer at all. Dig up the permafrost? That would probably have been done in the 19th century by Ferdinand Marie, Viscount de Lesseps. But it is too expensive and time consuming even for China. Then the scientists came up with a different approach: what if to make the active layer cease to be active. Or rather, he stopped to thaw.
But it is easy to say. How to cool the ground under a huge railroad length? The Chinese noticed that the piles of medium-sized stones, between which the wind is capable of blowing, make the ground beneath them colder. They offered to make a mound of such stones. It sucks the heat out of the ground, preventing it from warming up.
Stones fall asleep in cement structures such as such that they do not crumble across the plain.
In some places near the iron the road is sand. Such moments are dangerous: the wind brings sand into the mound, where it fills the gaps, canceling the cooling effect of the structure. To avoid this, the engineers put the grids that catch the sand in places where the sand dunes lie.
Also , the soil is strengthened with “gratings” of cobblestones, they must hold the soil and stop the sand.
Here even through the snow you can see the structure of a rectangular protective mesh.
And it happens that they put in several layers such fences that protect against the winds.
However, here, in the Tibetan Highlands, nothing lasts forever, and these protective structures are destroyed by rain and wind.
There are places where a mound of stones does not sufficiently cool the ground on which it lies. In such places, Chinese scientists have come up with the use of special thermosyphons - tubes that, without electricity, are able to cool everything that they come into contact with. Such siphons are installed on the most problematic sections of the path.
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